RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Bacterial nanocellulose (BN), derived from Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 237672, is a polymer that offers several desirable characteristics for scaffolds applications. To further enhance the characteristic of the BN scaffold, hydroxyapatite (HAp) from Anadara granosa and Achatina fulica can be incorporated. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the physical properties of a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold made of HAp and BN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The scaffold was developed using the cellulose immersion technique, where BN was soaked in HAp suspension for different duration (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 hours). The physical properties that were evaluated included porosity, pore density, swelling ratio, and water retention. RESULTS: The HAp/BN 3D scaffold, which is considered a hydrogel material, exhibited favorable physical properties that can support cell survival. The total porosity of the scaffolds was 100%. There was no significant difference porosity among the groups (p > 0.05). The swelling ratio increased on day 1 and then sharply decreased on day 2. There was a significant difference between the groups on both day 1 and day 2 (p < 0.05). The scaffolds immersed in the HAp for more than 15 hours exhibited higher water retention compared to the other groups, and there was a significant difference between the groups on day 2 and day 4 (p < 0.05). The scaffold immersed for more than 15 hours exhibited a higher pore density compared to those immersed for less than 15 hours, and there was no a significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the HAp/BN 3D scaffold, especially when immersed in HAp for 15 hours, possesses promising physical properties that make it suitable for various applications in dental tissue engineering.
RESUMO
Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the teeth-supporting tissues caused by microorganisms. Robusta coffee bean extract has antibacterial properties due to its caffeine, flavonoids, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid contents. The robusta coffee bean extract also regulates alveolar bone healing through bone remodelling. Aim: The study aimed to investigate robusta coffee bean extract to inhibit bacterial growth and accelerate bone repair in vitro and in vivo. Methods: This study used the paper disc diffusion method with the research group of robusta coffee bean extract with concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and negative control, as much as 20 and dripped onto the disc paper then placed on the surface of the agar media that had been inoculated with bacteria. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured. Twenty periodontitis rat models were given 0.05 ml of the robusta coffee bean extract on the molars and put in a periodontal pocket for seven days. Rats were decapitated, and alveolar bone tissues were stained with HE and IHC staining. The number of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and BMP-2 was counted using a microscope. Statistical test with Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann Whitney showed a p-value of <0.05. Results: The average diameter of the inhibitory zone of robusta coffee bean extract showed that the P. gingivalis group of bacteria was higher than that of A. actinomycetemscomitans and S. viridans (p < 0.05) with a concentration of 50%. The average number of osteoblast cells increased, and the average number of osteoclast cells decreased in the 50% concentration group compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). BMP-2 expression in the robusta coffee bean extract group was 50% higher than in the other groups. Conclusion: Robusta coffee bean extract has a periopathogenic antibacterial and accelerates alveolar bone repair.
